Δύο ανεξάρτητες μελέτες που παρουσίασε η NASA σε συνέντευξη Τύπου την Δευτέρα επιβεβαιώνουν τις υποψίες για παρουσία μεγάλων ποσοτήτων νερού στη Σελήνη, ακόμα και σε περιοχές όπου κανείς δεν θα είχε φανταστεί πριν από λίγα χρόνια.
Αν και η ύπαρξη νερού στη Σελήνη είναι γνωστή εδώ και 11 χρόνια, τα νέα ευρήματα υποδεικνύουν ότι οι υδατικοί πόροι του φεγγαριού είναι μεγάλοι και θα μπορούσαν να αξιοποιηθούν από μελλοντικές αποστολές για την παραγωγή οξυγόνου και καυσίμων.
Η πρώτη από τις δύο μελέτες που δημοσιεύονται στο Nature Astronomy επιβεβαιώνει την ύπαρξη μορίων νερού στην ερημική επιφάνεια της Σελήνης. Προηγούμενες παρατηρήσεις είχαν δημιουργήσει υποψίες για νερό στη σεληνιακή επιφάνεια, δεν ήταν όμως απόλυτα πειστικές επειδή δεν μπορούσαν να ξεχωρίσουν το νερό (H2O) από έναν μοριακό του ξάδελφο, τις υδροξυλομάδες (-ΟΗ).
Η νέα μελέτη βασίστηκε σε δεδομένα από το παρατηρητήριο Sophia –ένα Boeing 747 τροποποιημένο ώστε να μεταφέρει ένα τηλεσκόπιο- και χρησιμοποιεί νέα μέθοδο ανίχνευσης η οποία εκτιμάται ότι δίνει οριστικά αποτελέσματα.
Τα μόρια νερού εκτιμάται ότι κρύβονται παγιδευμένα μέσα στα πετρώματα, προστατευμένα από την κοσμική και ηλιακή ακτινοβολία που βομβαρδίζει αδιάκοπα το φεγγάρι.
«Πολλοί φαντάζονται ότι αυτό που ανιχνεύσαμε είναι πάγος νερού, κάτι που δεν ευσταθεί» ξεκαθάρισε σύμφωνα με το Reuters η Κέισι Χόνιμπαλ του Κέντρου Διαστημικής Πτήσης Goddard της NASA, επικεφαλής της μελέτης. «Ανιχνεύσαμε μόνο μόρια νερού. Επειδή είναι διάσπαρτα δεν αλληλεπιδρούν το ένα με το άλλο για να σχηματίσουν πάγο ή υγρό νερό» εξήγησε στη συνέντευξη Τύπου.
Αιώνιο σκοτάδι
Η δεύτερη μελέτη εστιάζει στους πυθμένες κρατήρων όπου το φως του Ήλιου δεν φτάνει ποτέ. Κρυμμένο στη σκιά εδώ και δισεκατομμύρια χρόνια, το νερό εδώ μένει πάντα κατεψυγμένο στους -163 βαθμούς Κελσίου.
Οι κρατήρες που παραμένουν αιώνια βυθισμένοι στο σκοτάδι βρίσκονται κυρίως κοντά στους πόλους, εκεί όπου το φως του Ήλιου πέφτει υπό μικρή γωνία και δημιουργεί βαθιές σκιές. Ωστόσο η νέα μελέτη ανίχνευσε δισεκατομμύρια μικρές σκιές, ορισμένες σε μέγεθος νομίσματος, που κρύβονταν ακόμα και σε περιοχές σχετικά μακριά από τους πολους.
Οι μόνιμα σκιασμένες περιοχές αποδεικνύονται πολύ πιο εκτεταμένες από ό,τι νομίζαμε, καθώς εκτιμάται ότι καλύπτουν συνολική έκταση 40.000 τετραγωνικών χιλιομέτρων, περίπου το ένα τρίτο της έκτασης της Ελλάδας.
«Η έρευνά μας δείχνει ότι μια πληθώρα άγνωστων μέχρι σήμερα περιοχών θα μπορούσε να περιέχει πάγο νερού» ανέφερε ο Πολ Χέιν του Πανεπιστημίου του Κολοράντο στο Μπόλντερ, επικεφαλής της δημοσίευσης.
«Τα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι το νερό ίσως είναι πολύ πιο άφθονο από ό,τι νομίζαμε στις πολικές περιοχές της Σελήνης, κάτι που θα διευκόλυνε την πρόσβαση, απομόνωση και ανάλυσή του» πρόσθεσε.
Το πρόγραμμα «Άρτεμις» της κυβέρνησης Τραμπ προβλέπει ότι Αμερικανοί αστροναύτες θα ξαναπατήσουν στη Σελήνη το 2024 με στόχο τη δημιουργία μόνιμης σεληνιακής βάσης έως τα τέλη της δεκαετίας.
Στο μέλλον, η διάσπαση του νερού με ηλεκτρόλυση θα μπορούσε να προσφέρει καύσιμο υδρογόνο για διαστημικά σκάφη και οξυγόνο για τη συντήρηση των αστροναυτών.
Μυστήριο συνεχίζει ωστόσο να καλύπτει την προέλευση του νερού της Σελήνης. Η επικρατέστερη θεωρία θέλει το μόριο της ζωής να μεταφέρθηκε από αστεροειδείς που προσέκρουσαν στον δορυφόρο, αν και δεν έχει αποκλειστεί η απελευθέρωσή του από πετρώματα στο εσωτερικό του φεγγαριού.
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